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Every sporting event affects the environment before, during, and even after it.

For example, a long-track speed skating competition can only take place, provided that the ice of a 400-meter oval track is frozen until it is 3 to 5 cm thick.

As long as the competition is on, the track needs to be kept frozen by specialized refrigeration systems while the temperature, humidity, and air quality inside the stadium also have to be maintained for optimal ice conditions.

Additionally, all of the stadium employees, athletes, and spectators need to travel to and from the stadium, often from other cities or even from abroad.

In fact, more than 25% of the emissions generated by the 2018 Pyeong-Chang Winter Olympics are estimated to be caused by fan travel and accommodations.

During the event, spectators and athletes eat and drink, and the plastic bottles and wrappers of whatever they consumed leave trash cans overflowing.

After the event has ended, in addition to the significant amount of trash that needs to be disposed of, the effects those people caused and the emissions generated from their travel continue to have a lasting negative impact on air quality.

take place

= happen

= occur

For example, a long-track speed skating competition can only take place, provided that the ice of a 400-meter oval track is frozen until it is 3 to 5 cm thick.

provided that은 ‘만약 ~라면’, ‘~하는 경우에 한하여’라는 의미로 조건을 제시하는 접속사이다. 조건을 나타내는 부사절은 미래를 나타날 때도 현재시제를 사용하므로, 동사 is frozen이 쓰였다.

As long as는 ‘~하는 한’, ‘~이라면’을 의미하는 조건의 부사절을 이끄는 접속사이다. provided that과 유사하지만 as long as는 ‘조건이 유지되는 동안 내내’라는 의미를 가진다.

while은 ‘~하는 동안’을 의미하며 이 문장에서는 앞 절과 동시에 일어난 동작 혹은 상황에 대해 설명한다.

During the event, spectators and athletes eat and drink, and the plastic bottles and wrappers of whatever they consumed leave trash cans overflowing.

whatever는 복합관계대명사로 anything that(~한 모든 것)을 의미하고, 전치사 of 뒤에서 명사절을 이끌며 동사 consumed의 목적어 역할을 한다.

that needs to be disposed of는 trash를 수식하는 관계절이다.

those people caused는 the effects를 수식하는 관계절로 앞에 목적격 관계대명사가 생략되었다.

generated from their travel은 the emissions를 수식하는 분사구이다.

It turns out that participants do not make bad impressions but make better impressions than they think.

It은 형식상의 주어이고 that 이하가 내용상의 주어이다. ‘A가 아니라 B’의 뜻인 not A but B 구조가 사용되어 make bad impressions와 make better impressions than they think가 but으로 대등하게 연결되어 있다.